МЕХАНИЗМЫ НАРУШЕНИЯ ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ

Полина Николаевна Кравченко; Евгения Константиновна Олейник; Polina Kravchenko; Evgenia Oleinik

doi:10.17076/eb230

МЕХАНИЗМЫ НАРУШЕНИЯ ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ

Полина Николаевна Кравченко, Евгения Константиновна Олейник, Polina Kravchenko, Evgenia Oleinik

Аннотация

Аутоиммунные болезни относятся к заболеваниям с неясной этиологией. Спектр аутоиммунных заболеваний широк, к наиболее известным из них относятся диабет 1 типа, ревматоидный артрит, системная красная волчанка, рассеянный склероз, болезнь Крона, витилиго и др. Ключевую роль в развитии аутоиммунных реакций играют нарушения иммунологического гомеостаза. Несмотря на многочисленные исследования, точные механизмы развития аутоиммунитета все еще остаются малоизученными. В обзоре представлен анализ данных литературы о механизмах
нарушения иммунологической толерантности. Дано описание наиболее обсуждаемых теорий развития патологических аутоиммунных процессов: теория наследственной предрасположенности, теория нарушения иммунологической регуляции с участием регуляторных Т-клеток, теория сетевой регуляции, инфекционная те-
ория развития аутоиммунных заболеваний (молекулярная мимикрия, поликлональная активация лимфоцитов). Теория наследственной предрасположенности отражает важнейшую роль наследственных факторов в развитии аутоиммунитета,
в частности, представлены сведения о связи аутоиммунных расстройств с главным комплексом гистосовместимости человека. Также в работе приведены данные,
свидетельствующие о том, что развитие аутоиммунных процессов в организме может быть связано с изменениями в содержании и функционировании регуляторных
Т-лимфоцитов. Эти клетки принимают непосредственное участие в механизмах клеточного иммунного ответа при аутоиммунных заболеваниях и могут служить
объяснением нарушения иммунологической толерантности, впоследствии приводящей к развитию и прогрессированию иммунопатологии. В описании теории сетевой регуляции раскрывается идея идиотип-антиидиотипических взаимодействий, которые могут быть механизмом контроля аутоиммунных реакций в норме или приводить к активации аутореактивных клонов. Инфекционная теория развития аутоиммунных патологий, которая представлена в обзоре, основывается на результатах многочисленных исследований и указывает на то, что вирусы могут провоцировать сбои иммунитета и приводить к аутоиммунизации.

Ключевые слова

аутоиммунитет; аутоиммунные заболевания; HLA; Treg- клетки; HCMV; EBV; суперантигены

Полный текст:

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Литература

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