5. ФЛАВИНСОДЕРЖАЩИЕ МОНООКСИГЕНАЗЫ (FMO) – ФЕРМЕНТЫ ФАЗЫ I БИОТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ КСЕНОБИОТИКОВ. НОМЕНКЛАТУРА, СТРУКТУРА, МОЛЕКУЛЯРНОЕ РАЗНООБРАЗИЕ, ФУНКЦИЯ, УЧАСТИЕ В ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИИ СИСТЕМЫ БИОТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ. СРАВНЕНИЕ С ЦИТОХРОМАМИ Р450 (ОБЗОР)

Лев Павлович Смирнов, Lev Smirnov

Аннотация


FMO (EC 1.14.13.8) – древняя и консервативная группа ферментов, присутствующая во всех без исключения живых организмах. FMO - микросомальный флавопротеин, который окисляет молекулы, содержащие нуклеофильные гетероатомы азота, серы, фосфора или селена. FMO не окисляют физиологически эссенциальные нуклеофилы. Простетической группой FMO является FAD. Кроме того, фермент использует NADPH и молекулярный кислород, чаще всего катализируя образование монооксигенированных субстратов, NADP+ и воду, как побочные продукты реакции. Гены FMO1 – 4 человека близко расположены на хромосоме, что у млекопитающих явилось результатом предшествующей генной дупликации и локализованы на хромосоме 1q24.3, в то время как  FMO5 расположен на хромосоме  1q21.1.  FMO5 – первый фермент, который появился у млекопитающих, поскольку генам FMO5 свойственна более высокая вариабельность нуклеотидного состава среди разных видов позвоночных. У человека hFMO1–5 показывают различные тканеспецифичные паттерны экспрессии. Наряду с цитохромами Р450 (CYP), FMO являются самой важной составляющей фазы I биотрансформации ксенобиотиков. FMO и CYP проявляют сходство по тканевому распределению, молекулярной массе, субстратной специфичности. В отличие от CYP, FMO  не требуют присутствия субстрата для начала каталитического цикла. Важным отличием FMO от CYP является то, что первый не подвержен ни быстрой индукции, ни ингибированию. Несмотря на перекрывающуюся субстратную специфичность, в результате катализа FMO и CYP образуются различные метаболиты, отличающиеся по токсикологическим и фармакологическим свойствам.


Ключевые слова


флавинмонооксигеназы; система биотрансформации ксенобиотиков; цитохромы Р450

Полный текст:

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Литература


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/eb1285

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